Halfway House Programs and the Community Essay

The use of halfway houses as a starting point for those who were once in prison is a great idea and can be beneficial to not only the individuals who are having to adjust to life outside of prison but also to the community around them. These homes help to stabilize the individual, help them to be able to adjust to life in society again and help them to become better parts of society. There are many who believe that halfway houses are not a good thing and would rather not have them but there are many reasons that these people are not looking at the whole picture and are not looking into the benefits that halfway houses can provide. There are many reasons that the surrounding neighbors and communities could fear a halfway house. Some of these reasons are the stereotypes that are associated with these places. This means that there is the common thoughts and beliefs that those who are in the halfway houses are not truly ready to be reformed and therefore it can be thought that these individuals should remain in prison. This is a misconception as the halfway house provides the individual with stability and helps them to be able to transition into a life outside of prison. The halfway house often provides the individual with a way to be able to find employment, get hooked up with needed medical and other health care services including rehabilitation and mental health, and a way to be able to live until they are able to stand on their own two feet (Welsh and Harris 2009). Without halfway houses these former criminals would be left on their own to find all of these resources and many times in the past the individuals had a hard time finding these things which has resulted in them committing more crimes. With halfway houses the return rate to prison is lower. Another problem that many individuals have with halfway houses is that they do not understand how giving the individual a place to live is really what they deserve. However there are some new programs that are offered in some halfway houses where the perpetrators of crime are forced to pay restitutions to the victims of their crimes. These programs have been successful in the satisfaction for both the perpetrator and the victim. In a recent study on this issue, the results were found to be positive for all that were involved (Bonta, Boyle, Motiuk, and Sonichsen 1983). Another common misconception is that the residents of the halfway house are not ready to be in the real world when they leave and that there is a high rate of repeat criminal offenses. This was looked at by a group of researchers and what was found was that those who had successful completions of the halfway house programs were less likely to have repeat criminal offenses where as those who were not successful in their treatment through halfway houses (Hartman, Friday and Minor 1994). This is very important to note as there are many reasons that an individual would not have a successful completion but then when an individual did have a successful treatment that they should be allowed the benefits of reformation and believed to be reformed and hoping for a better life. Halfway houses can be very beneficial to both the former criminals that inhabit them and the local communities in which they are located. In many cases halfway houses provide a place for these former prisoners to live while they are working on getting back on their feet and becoming stable. Halfway houses and their programs beneficial to the individual as they are not on the street or trying to make it on their own in a world where it is more difficult for them to find a place to rent, obtain employment or anything else. The benefit to the community is that these former criminals are off of the streets and in a place where treatment and supervision is mandatory while they are becoming more stable. Thus they are less likely to commit petty offenses like theft in order to eat or make money for needed items.

Positivism vs Interpretivism

Positivism vs Interpretivism Positivism is an approach in sociology that believes society can be studied using similar scientific techniques to those used in the natural sciences. (Browne, 2006) This concept tends to produce quantitative data and Concerned with hypothesis testing. (Collis and Hussey, 2003) Interpretivism is an approach emphasizing that people have consciousness involving personal beliefs, values and interpretations and these influence the way they act. They do not simply respond to forces outside them. Browne, 2006) This concept tends to produce qualitative data and concerned with generating theories. (Collis and Hussey, 2003) Research topic Gaspar (2005) pointed out that employee in a competition environment is encouraged to work more efficiency in a company. However, Kurland. (1996) said that employees working in high competition environment will do some unethical behaviour for their achievements. Two of these research articles have different opinion, so there is a question which is high competitive whether help a company or it breaks a company down.Therefore, my research topic is â€Å"does running high competition system help a company to become successful in long term? † Application of research philosophies This topic through Positivism conducts qualitative data for exploring the relationship between competition and productivity. Researcher should use experiments methods to research this topic. For example, in a sales department, researchers can separate two different groups of the employee one of the group is getting stable salary and the other one is getting commission salary.Based on the data of two different group’s employee, to compare its working time, output and time required for specific work to see whether the competition system can increase the productivity in this company. Also, research can use surveys to collect some data such as the amount of unethical behaviour between normal working environment and high compet itive working environment to see which environment happen more unethical behaviour in a company.This topic through Interpretivism conduct qualitative data for reflecting the research like find out reasons why the productivity increases in the company. Researchers create some questionnaires for employees to get some opinions. For example, researcher asks employees why work hard even if he is ill. At the end, the researcher will sum up all of the opinion from employees to show the phenomenon. Also, researchers can directly observe employees emotion and behaviour to analyse why they have this action.For example, in a sales department, researcher sees the employee may lie to the consumer for getting more commissions which the researcher will use the opinion by itself. In conclusion, Interpretivism is a better philosophy in this research topic, because it will consider the reason why the productivity increase or employees do unethical behaviour. This result of the research is more useful for this topic. In Positivism, it just uses some data to prove the productivity increase but it cannot provide reasons to explain the relationship between competition and productivity.

The role of techonology Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The role of techonology - Research Proposal Example Essentially, the greenhouse effect functions like this. When sunlight pierces the atmosphere and hits the earth’s surface, not all of the sun’s solar energy is absorbed. It is a delicate balance and because these greenhouse gases have been artificially increased by man-made technology, more build up in the atmosphere has occurred. This traps more of the sun’s energy inside our atmosphere and reflects less back in to space. This occurrence is causing the earth to warm. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the most common of the greenhouse gases. Although cutting down the rainforests is contributing heavily to the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere, a larger portion is caused by the burning of fossil fuels such as oil and coal to power our technology. Fossil fuels are burned by factories, vehicles and electricity-producing power plants to name a few sources. Most of this excessive fuel consumption and its poisonous, pollutant and greenhouse-enhancing byproducts are located in th e U.S., Europe and Russia (Breuer, 1980). It is estimated that man-made influences represent about half of the CO2 output in the world. The rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere are becoming increasingly worrying. â€Å"The concentrations of CO2 in the air around 1860 before the effects of industrialization were felt, is assumed to have been about 290 parts per million (ppm). In the hundred years and more since then, the concentration has increased by about 10 percent† (Breuer, 1980, p. 67). Eighty percent of the world’s population accounts for just 35 percent of CO2 emissions. The United States and Soviet Union combined are responsible for generating half of the air pollution. Worldwide, â€Å"carbon dioxide emissions are increasing by four percent a year.† (Miller, 1990, p. 450). The scientific community agrees that global temperatures are rising due

Participation Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Participation Discussion Questions - Essay Example According to Sward (2006) a technology should only be implemented if it adds value to the company. Based on this assumption any process improvement while marginal benefits do not exceed its marginal cost should be not be considered. I like your company’s use of the cycle counting method. Increasing the physical inventory counting frequency increases the chances of detecting unproductive activities such as employee theft. Interacting with the customers and gaining feedback from them is a great way to obtain valuable information. Running out of inventory is a nightmare. A few years ago I worked for a manufacturing company. We were developing a new product. The bill of materials included a rare plastic that was hard to locate anywhere globally. We spend six months looking for a suitable supplier that would have a constant supply of the raw material. The project was shut down because a risk management analysis determined that stockouts of the material would occur that would shut down the production line. One of the consequences of a stockout is loss of revenues (Answers, 2009). The scenario you mentioned about the company you work for goes against traditional business wisdom. Most people believe that having a lower inventory count and the implementation of inventory systems such as JIT are the optimum way to run a business. Every industry has its peculiarities and internal knowledge of its behavior is needed in order to make good business decisions. The Comcast product utilizes a customization strategy in order to adapt the specifications based on the level of technological advancement of the region. As the market requirements of different regions change the company could transfer inventory from one region to another. If an inventory model becomes obsolete in one region the company can still use that inventory to supply other locations. Adaptability and flexibility are two good attributes of a production

Cyber security Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cyber security - Coursework Example Despite the mounting threats in cyberspace, it emerges that the cyberspace domain holds key solutions to these threats. The threats are further compounded by fact that threats are anonymous and emerge from a multitude of sources worldwide (Ward, 2000). With prevailing drastic revolution in cyber technology, the human dimension of the security problem cannot be disregarded. The behavior of the users, failure in compliance with security policy and ignorance of cyber threats are common human factors that compromise the overall security of cyberspace. An underestimation of the potential magnitude of a cyber threat due to distraction or ignorance is the main reason for successful cyber attacks. A critical factor to consider when formulating cyber security is the response time to cyber attacks. Incidents of attack happen at cyber speed, but often it takes a while for the management system to detect and respond to the incident. Failure to respond with urgency to cyber attacks increases the company’s vulnerability. Appropriate training of employees on the threat and remedy framework is a critical obligation of any organization. Cyber security threats that can affect important goals In e- commerce for instance, rights of access to digital content have become an issue of immense economic and social significance. Wealthy nations have come under criticism from poor countries for â€Å"information imperialism†, arguing that intellectual property rights are an impediment to overcoming the digital creative and intellectual divide. Consequently, elusive questions have arisen on whether to reinforce these rights, or whether to eliminate all protection in cyberspace all together. The electronic environment provides ease of operation across borders, which renders issues of cyber crime an international affair and which inevitably requires renegotiation of agreements between governments, and signing of new treaties in international mediums. Provision of stability and certainty in the cyber business environment then raises concerns of protecting consumers with emerging threats of electronic fraud, cyber terrorism and crime. The ethical concerns that emerge comprise: personal privacy, protection of copyrights, availability of critical crime information to agencies of law enforcement, hacking and computer technology infringement crime, and many other legal framework aspects formulated for citizen right protection Other than the legal and ethical dimensions, cyberspace issues also have social aspects and implications. It’s not clear from the cyberspace management framework who exactly has authority to manage the rights and privileges of users on the web, and who has the responsibility to ensure that the rights of the individual in are protected cyberspace. More important to note is the fact that both users and content providers will be greatly limited in taking full advantage of the evolution in network technologies, unless users take respons ibility of the uses to which they put web content. Vulnerabilities that can be exploited through cyber crime and cyber warfare Valuable information and content is continuously being posted on the Net by publishers and content providers, but with an increasing concern on how to control access and use of this

Health Care Bill and Impact on the Community Essay

Health Care Bill and Impact on the Community - Essay Example Health care policy is challenging and dynamic in nature with tremendous changes taking place since the beginning of the 21st century to address increased disparities in health care, escalating costs of health care, changing population, advancement in medical technology, inequalities in health care access, and public and private health care financing growth. In terms of policy-making, nurses and other members of the health care team are mistakenly viewed as not having the necessary knowledge and skills required in the legislative arena; contrary, nurses and other members of the health care team act an advocacy role in policies, laws, or regulations governing the larger health care system (Abood, 2007, 1). Nurses are the first to see the impact of a certain policy to meeting the needs of the patients. If nurses have the advocacy role, the House of Representatives and the Senate House act the legislative roles and are responsible for the propositions of bills or acts concerning health c are. One of the examples of current bill in the U.S. health care system is the H.R.2 Repealing the Job-Killing Health Care Law Act. This will be discussed in detail in the next section. In addition, the paper will also discuss the interest groups for/against the bill, the potential impact in the community and who will be affected, and the personal opinion of the author on the bill. H.R.2 Repealing the Job-Killing Health Care Law Act The H.R.2 Repealing the Job-Killing Health Care Law Act was read on the second time and placed on the calendar of the 112th Congress of the Senate of the United States on January 26, 2011. This act aims to repeal the job-killing health care law and health care-related provisions in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 under the Sec.2. (a) of the bill which states that â€Å"Effective as of the enactment of Public Law 111–148, such Act is repealed, and the provisions of law amended or repealed by such Act are restored or revive d as if such Act had not been enacted† (The Library of Congress, 2012, 1). The Obamacare or the Health Care Bill of Obama administration is viewed by many as a job-killing bill; meaning, a reduction in health care costs and improvement in health accessibility would result in significant job losses in the U.S. economy. On the other note, repealing the bill would mean loss of benefits of some Americans including insurance reforms that allow parents to keep children on their plans until the age of 26 and prohibition of insurers from imposing lifetime limits on coverage. The introduction of the bill to the House of Representatives received a number of support and protests. Interest groups supporting the repealing of the health care bill include the Republican Congress, economists, financial groups, and employers. Repealing the health care bill supporters claimed that the health care bill will transfer one-sixth of the U.S. economy into the hands of the politicians and agency burea ucrats and that the health care bill have done little to address the problems. Worst, the health care b

Managerial accounting and finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Managerial accounting and finance - Essay Example which requires the depreciable period to begin from when equipment is available for use to the period when it is derecognized (International Accounting Standards  Board 2003), the depreciation in the given case has been accounted for four months. Besides, on the basis of the fact that extra use of production line for two more months would reduce its scrap value, one can analogize that the production line would not be as ‘good’ as a new machine even in four months and thus should be depreciated month-wise. The annual salary of production staff is decomposed into monthly salary given that salary will be paid to them up till the month when they are sacked. [That’s why the union might have negotiated notice payments for the staff as they would be loosing the salaries on the remaining months of the year when they will be sacked]. Committed fixed costs are assumed as those expenses, such as electricity charges, which are incurred on monthly basis and so the annual fixed cost in decomposed into monthly fixed cost and is taken up till the period of production in the industrial unit. Rent expense, committed fixed cost, and salary expense for initial four months and variable cost of initial 500 units is also considered as sunk cost since these costs have been incurred before taking any step with respect to any of the two options. All the incremental figures are incremental in comparison with the figures incurred before considering either of the deal. That is, each of the two deals is analyzed in incremental form as compared to the cost incurred before going for any of these two options; its not like that incremental figures of one deal are expressed as incremental in comparison with the base figures of either deal. Instead the initial figures are expressed as base figures for each of the deals. This is meant to smoothly compare each deal from the initial situation separately and then comparing the incremental results of each. Facing with the severe cost of writing

Dolls Dont Swim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dolls Dont Swim - Essay Example It was not a busy day, I only passed a few people on my way. The river was peaceful, almost too peaceful. I have never seen it like this. As if it was waiting for something. Then, I saw a little girl walking perilously close to the water. Her greenish, ballerina-like dress was blending in with the dirty greenness of the water, transforming the little girl into a water nymph. Her golden locks were glistening in the sun, her hand ivory pale, holding a doll. All of a sudden, the fingers that were so carelessly holding the doll, opened up, like a sunflower to the sky, and she started smiling and spinning in place, like a nymph doing a rain dance, dropping her precious doll. The water swallowed the doll in one gulp, hungrily. There was a scream. Then no girl. I was frozen. The legs that were attached to my body were not mine. When I wanted to call for help, only warm breath oozed from out my mouth. Words were iced up inside my mind. I just stood there, mesmerized with the sight of the dro wning little nymph, like I was mesmerized a few minutes ago by her image. Then, out of nowhere, a young man came running, his red shorts flickering in the sun. Without thinking twice, he jumped into the river after the girl. The river violently took him in, reluctant to give either of them back to the surface world. The young man’s athletic body fought the waves as only a professional swimmer could, the girl barely able to keep herself from sinking. â€Å"Just a little more and he’s there,† I thought to myself.

Global Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Global Warming - Research Paper Example uses of global warming and researchers have been in constant conflict on the issue of whether global warming is a creation of human beings or it is a naturally occurring phenomenon. This research will focus on the history, prevalence, cause & effect as well as ways to counter global warming. The term global warming first came into limelight during the period of 1975 when an American scientist named Wallace Smith Broecker utilized the term in his scientific research paper (pmm.nasa.gov 1). The term global warming reached the ears of people and policy makers throughout the world when the term was used by a scientist named James Hansen who was employed by NASA and he used the term during 1988 while presenting a testimony to the Congress (pmm.nasa.gov 1). Since the term became quite popular, several researches were conducted to figure out whether the temperature of the earth was actually increasing or it was simply a myth. According to Zedillo, the temperature of the earth was actually increase year after year and an increase in earth’s temperature of 0.74 degree Celcius was recorded between the period starting from the 20th century and ending during the 21st century (Zedillo 15). Other studies that have identified similar changes in the rise of the earth’s temperature were conducted by Climatic Research Unit which identified that the earth’s temperature was highest during the period of 1998 while the increase in the temperature during the year of 2005 as well as 2010 was quite tremendous but not as high as the rise in temperature noted during 1998 (Jones 1). The occurrence of global warming is considered as a natural phenomenon and one of the natural reasons due to which global warming is taking place is that the there has been an increase in the amount of energy released through solar energy. NASA has reported that that huge number of changes in the quantity of solar energy produced by sun have been experienced over a period of 11 years and during this

Changing Roles and Responsibilities of HR Manager in Globalized Essay

Changing Roles and Responsibilities of HR Manager in Globalized Business Environment - Essay Example In order to cope up with such external environmental problems, adoption of globalization has become one of the one of the suitable options for different business organization. However, the proper application of this strategy is not an easy task for the management of the organization as there are a number of different issues related with the handling cross cultural business practices. This expansion of business at international level also enforce the organization to face some critical issues related with its human resource management such as conflicts among its employees, decreased morale and productivity of the employee, lack of proper co-ordination and team work within a culturally diversified team, and so on (Harzing, and Pinnington 2011). In regards to above discussion, the paper aims to find the role of a HR manager in managing and appreciating well diversify workforce render by an organization in existing highly globalized business environment. The paper work is focused on check ing the viability and effectiveness of different HR related perspectives related with cross cultural workforce management in the success and sustainability of the international business of a business organization.... e to liberalization across the world’s economy and increasing usage of advanced information technologies, the international business expansion has become quite preferable strategy undertaken by business organizations for addressing different business related issues. However, adoption of international business expansion strategy has also bring some intensive changes in the human resource related practices and strategies of the organization. Nowadays, the span of HR practices and responsibilities has become quite comprehensive. The main reason behind this trend is the increasing diversity in its workforce (Boone, and Van Den Bosch 1997). When a business organization expands its operations in a new geographical region, it becomes quite essential for them to use the local resources as it helps the management to be acclimatized with new business environment and reduce the total operating cost. In this context, the organization also has to hire human resource from the domestic marke t to undertake a better management and commencement of different business activities. The prime problem faced by the organization in this cross cultural hiring is that the working style, and cultural norms pursued by hired employees from local market is quite different with that pursued by the organization. As there are significant differences between organizational culture and practices followed by the employees, it becomes the prime aspect of HR practices to fill this gap. Due to the differences between what employees do and what the organization wants from them, the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the organization hampers quite intensively. In this regard, it becomes an utmost responsibility of HR department of the organization to manage the internationally diversified work force in

Anthropology and Ethnic Boundary Markers Essay Example for Free

Anthropology and Ethnic Boundary Markers Essay Chapter Four: What Are The Underlying Reasons Behind Ethnic Conflict, And The Consequences Of These Conflicts? Questions 1) In what ways do you think you might experience Ethnic Conflict – on a much smaller level in your own life? Do you see it in other peoples lives? 2) Can you identify some of the Ethnic Boundary markers you see in our own culture (specifically microcultures)? Do these markers change depending where you go? Are these markers a good thing or a bad thing? What Ethnic Boundary Markers would you like to see change? 3) How fragile is our own nation? Where do you see Ethnic intolerance or Ethnocentrism ? Do you see fragments of ethnic stratification? 4) If Ethnic Conflict were to ever â€Å"break out†, in the U. S. what do you think would be the main causes specifically? 5) Place yourself in the shoes of an Anthropologist who is taking a fully emic approach to their Ethnic Conflict research. Are the hardships involved worth the benefits that could result from the research? Is â€Å"the juice worth the squeeze†? 6) Do you agree with Anthropologists who feel the need to downplay violence within Ethnic Conflict in order to help propel the idea of non-western stabilization? 7) Do you agree with Anthropologists who feel that refugee camps are â€Å"part of the problem†? 8) Do you think our world will ever see an end to Ethnic Conflict?

Need For Effective Leadership Consequences Of Ineffective Leadership Management Essay

Need For Effective Leadership Consequences Of Ineffective Leadership Management Essay Leadership can be viewed as a process of influencing activities and actions of an organized group or team in its efforts towards setting goals and achieving goals. (Stogdill, 1990). A leader is an individual who considerably affects the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of a considerable number of individuals. (Gardner, 1995). Leadership is a process; it is comprised of more than the leader and the situation (Church, 1998). When viewed in the terms of organizations leadership is considered to be a special contribution because it makes a significant difference to the success of the organization. (Tjosvold and Wong, 2000). When leadership is effective in an organization ordinary can be transformed into extraordinary and this leads to satisfaction of customers, employees and top management, i.e. all are content and satisfied. (Tjosvold and Wong, 2000). The four Vs of Leadership have been considered as critical when defining it; they are vision, values, value-Added, and vitality. (Shaw, 2006). There are various viewpoints from which leadership has been defined previously, including individual traits, behaviours, contextual perspectives, and combinations of these viewpoints. (Taormina, Robert. J, 2008). Need for Effective Leadership- Consequences of Ineffective Leadership Leadership in an organization must focus on the essential actions and behaviours of the leaders if view of the following ill consequences and hence it is extremely important to develop the quality of leaders and continuously improvise on managers abilities to lead the organizational teams. (Georgenson, 2009) 1. Leaders not providing SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time) targets to their employees: o Low synchronisation of personal and organizational objectives o Workforce may become unproductive o Lack of clarity regarding what is to be achieved o Frustration may build among the workforce (Source: www.learnmarketing.net) 2. If leaders are not providing clear, positive and instant opinion about the employees work standard and results achieved. o Reluctance among the employees regarding managers interest in the work. o Unproductive behaviours may persist leading to long term loss in productivity of workforce. 3. If leaders do not provide continuous improvement avenues. o Employees waste time looking for ways to become better o Employees employ irrelevant activity for improvement o Development of employees is restricted leading to less productive workforce 4. If leaders are unable to provide for effective performance appraisal o Continuation of poor performance o Employees consider their current performance as acceptable o Problems in meeting targets set for future (Georgenson, 2009) Beyond achieving performance related organizational goals effective leadership makes an organization capable of meeting contemporary challenges in todays business environment such as need for competitive advantage, ensuring ethical behaviour and achieving productivity through a diverse workforce in global companies in a fair and equitable manner. (Jones George, 2004) Teamwork- The Spirit of Successful Organizations A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. (Katzenbach and Smith).Teamwork not only promotes a sense of comradeship within an organization, it is also transmitted to all clients or customers who do business with the organization. (Twomey Kleiner, 1996). Teamwork may have two kinds of objectives: co-ordinating and innovating. Teamwork can be a measure to open the horizontal communication among the hierarchies, and it adds to the flexibility of the whole organization. (Nurmi, 1996). Combining Teamwork and Leadership Teamwork facilitates management and leadership, and it helps improve communication and saves the time of both the employees and management. Teamwork in companies is structured. A team has a team leader who coordinates with the team members in defining and achieving other roles, objectives, accountability, schedules and deadlines. (Nurmi, 1996). In present day companies and in modern management teamwork is a necessity. There is a necessity of teamwork in a functional organization where they are needed for the co-ordination of different departments because all the departments in the organization are partly responsible for the collective performance of the whole organization as a unit. (Nurmi, 1996). Challenges for leadership A research conducted by C.D. McCauley, Ohlott Ruderman, 1999 helped in identifying five basic categories of challenges for leadership. (C.D. McCauley, Ohlott Ruderman, 1999, cited in: Antonakis, John, Ciancolo, Anna. T., Sternberg, Robert, 2004). These are: a) Creation of a change by taking the organization in new directions; addressing problems of previous leadership and decide in the face of uncertainty. b) Management at higher levels of responsibility and commitment as the leaders decisions guide the organizations moves. c) Management of issues related to leaders authority on other people. d) Effective management of diversity within an organizational culture. e) Being unflappable during job transitions, change of responsibilities and building relationships. I as a Consultant- Advices and Suggestions My advices in relation to the improvement of leadership and enhancing teamwork skills and performance levels and productivity. I will be predominantly citing examples from the global outsourcing and consulting giant; Infosys Technologies Ltd. My suggestions for improvement of leadership levels would be the following. They have been categorized into several strategic intentions and actions towards developing the leadership skills. They are: 1. Leaders need to build self esteem among the employees who follow them. They must seek their advice on the issues and make them feel important. In this way the employees will feel that they are needed and will be more than willing to work for the leaders. Its also important for the leaders to understand the employees needs for appraisal and motivation in several forms. Being a good leader means that they understand the people they work with and respect them for their contribution. Infosys points out that moral intelligence is new to the analytical playing field, and highlights four key principles that can sustain moral intelligence: Integrity; Responsibility; Compassion; Forgiveness. (Ethics, success and leadership the Infosys way, 2006) 1. Integrity is creating harmony between what we believe and how we act, doing what we know is right (and this definitely includes telling the truth at all times). 2. Responsibility is a person who is willing to take responsibility for their own actions, and the consequences only by taking this responsibility do you stay true to core values. 3. Compassion is broadened to include caring about others, which then shows our respect for others. It also has a boomerang effect, because generally when a compassionate person is in trouble, we return compassion to them. 4. Forgiveness is a key principle because without a tolerance for mistakes and acknowledgement of human imperfection, we are likely to be rigid and inflexible, thereby reducing the common good.

Construct Theory of Personality | Analysis

Construct Theory of Personality | Analysis Describe Kellys personal construct theory of personality, and compare this approach with other psychological theories of personality. Over the years psychologists have developed different theories to define observable differences in individual’s personalities (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). The history of personality psychology datedates vack for man centuries and has been traced as far as four centries before Christ (Cervone, 2013). Earlier records of personality theories all tended to have a philosophical basis. Suc as Aristotle who believed that personality could be broken down into four facors, iconic which ddepicted an individuals social place within society (Ryckman, 2012).). During the mid 18th century personality theories began to move towards meurological assumptions to explain behaviour and personality which adopted an anatomy perspective, for example Gall argued that by measuring the skull explanations could be drawn regarding an individuals personality type (ref). During the 1920’s Freud famousy conceptualised personality traits in relation with conscious and unconcsioucs thoughts which depicte d behaviour (ref). The psychodynamic approach move towars humanist approaches to personality in the 1940’s and 1950s with Maslows development of th eh hierarchy of needs approach theoryRogers in the latte 1950s who argued that we strive to acieve our best according to our persoaity taking influence fro the likes of Maslow (Ryckman, 2012). Finally, cognitive psychology is the most modern approach to understanding personality. Cognitive psychology refers to the study of mental processes and adopts a more biological approach which has been integrated significantly into modern understanding of personality psychology (Eysenck Keane, 2010). Personality theories attempt to understand behavioural variation in individuals using a range of psychological characteristic definitions such as introvert and extrovert personality types (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). A significant amount of earlier research focused upon personality traits as being heritable particularly in the behaviourist and ps ychodynamic theories (Eaves, Eysench, Martin, Eaves, 2014) and before the 1950’s it was generally accepted that personality traits were inherited which followed with an influx of twin based studies (Allport, 1937). In 1955, George Kelly developed the personal construct theory. Personal construct theory was designed as an alternative approach to understanding individual personality which viewed personality as an individual experience (Maktby, Day Macaskill, 2007). During the 1950’s Kelly revolutionalised the ways in which personality and human understanding were approached by moving away from the behaviourist and psychodynamic approaches. Instead the personal consttuct theory was deeply scientific adopting a phenomenological approach which moved away from the more favoured observational approaches to personality research methodology (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Using this phenomenological approach personal construct theory allows for variation to be made in personality so as not to refine it into categories but whilst also accepting that personality can change either thrugh individual of social influences (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Additionally, the sceitnific approach to personal construc t theory means that it take a qualitative research perspective which give s the teory greater research power than other methods such as the psychodynamic and behaviourist which are heavily biased towards quantitative methodologies.(Ryckman, 2012). The personality construct theory changed personality theory in the 1950’s by presenting the view that people should be treated as scientists. Kelly argued that individuals undertake an ongoing experiment from which their understanding of the world continually develops ( Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Kelly believed that during this experimental process the individual would internalise ideas of reality which would lead to a greater understanding of the world (Kelly, 1963). Interpretations, observations, experiences formed the basis of the personality construct theory (Kelly, 1963). The personal construct psychology stance challences the notion that experience should simply be separated into categories of thining and feeling and how these impact upon individual personality and behaviour (Raskin, 2013). Kelly successfully argued towards a scientific, quantifiable approach to understanding personality traits however, the approach has received extensive criticism for failing to incorpor ate an account for emotion. Chiari (2013) has stated that previously Kelly’s approach to the personal construct theory has failed to include the role of emotion whch is considered by many modern psychologists to be fundamental to the development of personality. Chiari (2013) has stated that instead Kelly overlooks what would experiences which would normally come under the realms of emotion and suggested instead constructivist epistemology approach. However, it has been argued that the use of tese transitions o not aquately account for the role of emotion in human life (Chiari, 2013). For example, the cognitive approach to understanding personality has viewed personality relate to resulted in a deficit in the schemata which wauses issues relate to judgement and cognitive error (Eysenck Keane, 2010). Fundamental to Kelly’s approach and what seperates the pesnal construct theory from other approaches is the argument that expectation and prediction drive the human mind ((Maktby, Day, Macaskill, 2007). Kelly believed that from this events can be predicted and anticipated in a process of continual personal development which was not centred upon predisposed genetics or biological factors (Maktby, Day, Macaskill, 2007). Kelly (1963) believed passionately that personality development aimed for the individual to achieve utmost knowledge of the world around them from which they could develop a sense of self and belonging (Maktby, Day, Macaskill, 2007). Similarly to Kelly (1963) Rogers (1947) believed that perception of self was the driving factor behind behaviour and understanding of the world and based successful non-directive theory upon this principle Similarly to Kelly, Rogers believed that personality development was a lifelong, ongoing process of development (Rogers, 1963) . However, Rogers’s theory of self-actualisation has been heavily criticised for providing very limited understanding and application within human personality in the twentieth century and in modern western society (Geller, 1982). Viktor Frnkl was another highly inflencital humanist psychologist Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist.Frankl delwas highly influential in the development of existential therapy as well as being a source of significant in the development of humanist psychology. Frankl was a holocaust survivor and a great deal of his work fucesd upon seeing positive in the darkest of scenarios, his work on suicisde prevention strategies received significant attention.Frankl belived that people were innately driven by a desire to find meaning in life which allowed people to survive and overcome incredibly dark and traumatic experiences.Franks experience in the concentration camps shaped his therapeutic approach and philospophical approach to psychology. Franl’s work demonstrated the impact of socio-polictical influences on personal development by demonstrating the innate human drive to find positives in desperate circumstances and suffericng. George Kelly believed that humans had an innate need to gain knowledge and experiences from their environment throughout all stages of life (Butt, 2008). Dependent upon these life experiences the personal construct theory presented a flexible and highly person centred approach to personality (Kelly, 1963). Kelly believed that by constructing a situation based upon previous experience and what we have learnt from similar in the past allows individuals to be active problem solvers who can formulate accurate hypotheses for the future (Butt, 2008). One of the key strengths of the personal construct system is that the theory has allowed for reliable behavioural predictions to be made on an individual basis and throughout adult life which do not rely upon preconstructed personality traits or genetic factors (Butt, 2008). For example, personality trait theory focuses upon quantifiable personality traits which are used to predict individual thought processes and behaviour (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Trait theorists have argued that individual personalities individuals can be understood in terms of returning patterns of thoughts, emotions and behaviour which can be scientifically examined using quantitative methodologies (John, Robins Pervin, 2008). However, there are a number of issues and implications relating to stereotype colliery when all individuals are categorised dependent upon their personality traits. To demonstrate this Lee and Adams-Webber (1987) conducted a projective test of the golden section hypothesis in a perosnltiy trait stereotypy setting. The golden raio is normally used in mathematics and refers to two quantifiable objects being in the golden ration if their ratio is equal to the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two objects qunantitities.Lee and Adams-Webber (1987) conducted a projective test o the golden section hypothesis during which twenty-fourtdents were required to complete a grid which categorise their personalities into ten comic book characters using twelve bipolar constructs as the basis for their selections such as â€Å"generous-mean†. The oerall results identified that the proportion of characters which were assigned to positive poles of constructs was 0.615 which was identified to be significantly in line with the golden section (approximately 0.618).That is, out of 2, 880 judgements, 1772 were identified to be positive in nature which suppo rt the mathematical model fo the golen section hypothesis. This These results suggest that the proportion of positive personality jusdemetns can be computed to be approximately 0.615 which is very close to the experimenters hypothesised estimate of 0.618. The experimenters have also reported that simpliar results were identified using similar sets of ersonality constructs. The study has also ifentified the negative aspects of negative judementss and stereotypes which can be construed base upo appearance nd impressiin the society.ons which cause individuals to assign a negative construct with further implications However, despite the limitations the trait theory approach to personality testing remains to be a popular choice by researchers due to the ability to provide an accurate description of an individuals personality which can be accurately assessed scientifically. Similarly to the person construct theory personality traits are universal and relevant regardless of age, race or gender however they are more concrete and less flexible which has formulated the theories main criticism (Ryckman, 2012). Furthermore, as th study by Lee and Adams-Webber (1987) demonstrated to an extent the trait theory approach does not adequately account for issues such as abnormal personality disorders and can encourage negative personality stereotypy (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2011). Throughout the history of personality theory, the hereditary and biological explanation has had a tendency to be overused in research. A substantive proportion of this work has relied heavily upont win and adoption studies. However, the reliance on such studies has caused a large amount of criticism in recent years where a more integrated approach to research has been favoured. Twin studies have a number of experimental biases including reliabilitu and replicability, the results tend not to be generalisable to the general population due to the unique nature of the twin relationship and nurturing environment (Eaves, Eysneck, Martin Eaves, 2014). Loehlin, McCrae, Costa and John (1998) investigated the heritability fctor of the Big Five personality imensions using data taken from the National Merit Trwin study The researchers used behaviour-genetic models to identify similiarites bbtetween the three separate measures the results of the model identifie that the Big Five personality dime sntions were significantly heritable and substantially so which was ine wih other similar studies. No significant variation was identified between gender, for measures agreeableness and conscientiousnsess shared environment was found to be measure specific and for estraversiona nd neuroticisim models which ncorporated a genetic element provided better fits.The results from†¦ are consistent across the majority of twin and genetic base studies for all five of the Big Five Personality Facts. For example, Jang, Liversley Vemon (1996) identified the following braod genetic influence on the five demensions of Neuroticism, extraversion, Openness, Agreeableneess, and Conscentiousness at 41%, 53%, 61%, 41% and 44% rerospectovely. Overall, it has been concluded that there is a strong genetic component to the individual differences basis to theories of personality which overwhelms theories of learnt traits (Ryckman, 2013). Overall, when Kelly’s theory of personality is compared to the humanist, behaviourist and psychodynamic theories, the approach provides an accurate scientific model for understanding personality and one which can be applied without limitation in childhood and adulthood. Personal construct theory has a significant streghth in its detailed and holistic view which has significantly increased understanding in individual differences in regardto personality rather than theoryies such as the trait theory (Eynsneck) which has viewed personality as being biologically determined and et in rigid categories which leaves little room for individual adaption and variation (ref).( Langdridge Taylor, 2007). However, there are issues of generalisability with the personal construct theory which are less of an issue compared with other approachs such as thetrai thery, References Allport, G. W. (1937).Personality. Holt, New York. Butt, T. (2008). George Kelly: The psychology of personal constructs (Mind shapers). Palgrave Macmillan: USA. Bleidorn, W., Klander, C., Caspi, A. (2014). The behavioural genetics ofpersonality development in adulthood- classic, contemporary and future trends. European journal of personality, 28, 244-245. Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2011). Personality and individual differences 2nd edition. John Wiley and Sons, UK. Cervone, D. (2013). Personality psychology. John Wiley and Sons, UK. Chiari, G. (2013). Emotion in personal construct theory: A controversial question.Journal of constructvist psychology, 26, 249-261. Eysenck, M., Keane, M, T. (2010). Cognitive psychology: A student’s handbook, 6th edition.Psychology press, USA. Eaves, L, J., Eysench, H, J., Martin, N, G, L, ., Eaves, J. (2014). Genes,culture, and personality: An empirical approach. Academic press limited, London. Frankl, V, E. (2008). Man’s search fofr meaning.Rider and Co, USA> Geller, L. (1982). The failure of self-actualization theory. A critique of Carl Rogersand Abraham Maslow. Journal of humanistic psychology, 22, 56-73. Jang, K, L., Livesly, W, J., Vemon, P, A. (1996). Heritability of the Big FivePersonality dimensions and their facests: A twin study. Journal of personality, 64, 577-592. John, O, P., Robins, R, W., Pervin, L, A. (2008). Handbook of personality, third edition : Theory and research. The Guildford press, New York. Kelly, G. (1963). Theory of personality: Psychology of personal constructs. W. W. Norton and Company, New York. Lee, C., Adams-Webber, J. (1987). A ‘projective’ test of the golden sectionhypothesis. Social behaviour and personality, 15, 169-175. Loehlin, J, C, McCroe, R, R., Costa, P, T., John, O, P. (1998). Heritabilities of common and measure-specific component off the big five personality factors. Journal of research in personality, 32, 431-453. Langdridge, D., Taylor, S. (2007). Critical readings in social psychology. The open university press, UK. Maktby, J., Day, L., Macaskill, A. (2007). Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence 3rd edition. Pearson education limited, UK. Rogers, C, R. (1947). Some observations on the organization of personality.American psychologist, 2, 358-368. Rogers, C, R. (1963). The concept of the fully functioning person. Psychotherapy: Theory, research and practice, 1, 170-126. Ryckman, R. (2012). Theories of personality. Wadsworth publishing Co Inc, USA. Raskin, J,, D. (2013). Thinking,, feeling, and being human. Journal of constructivist psychology, 26, 181-186.

Environmental Destruction Essay -- Chemical War, Pollution, Recycling

For thousands of years the environment stayed close to its natural state, exerting its influence on living forms. But in the past century, things have changed drastically as human beings have altered the paradigm of the environment. Now they are the masters, putting their stamp on the earth through pollution and contamination and poison. There needs to be action to monitor such destruction, but consideration of both sides of the environmental issue should be taken into account to determine what form of action should be taken. The person who almost singlehandedly brought this environmental destruction to the forefront of the public’s awareness was Rachel Carson. In a chapter of her book Silent Spring called â€Å"The Obligation to Endure† she talked about the various poisons that were afflicting Americans without their knowledge or consent (Carson 54). Many forms of contamination infiltrated waterways, air and earth. Pollution became rampant and difficult to reverse. Radiation, in the form of Strontium 90 was being unleashed. It permeated the atmosphere after governmentally approved nuclear explosions. Acid rain and fallout occurred. It got in the soil and the food supply and eventually into the bodies of human beings, staying there until death (Carson 50). In addition, pesticides were being developed at an alarming rate, and were used indiscriminately, killing both good and bad insects. When the bad insects bounced back, deadlier products were developed, causing an endless cycle in the chemical war (50-51). She asked the question, â€Å"Can anyone believe it is possible to lay down such a barrage of poisons without making it unfit for all life?† Despite the destruction wreaked, she documented that ma... ...eaving the lights on, failing to recycle, and using plastic grocery bags instead of paper. The new heresies include failure to compost, or failure to go organic† (3). None of these statements are meant to belittle the environmental cause. It is real. It is worthy of our attention. And we must take action. The first way to take action is to be aware that there is a problem with the environment and it must be monitored through both governmental regulations and individual responsibility. While there is a problem, we don’t have to go overboard, but we do need to take action ourselves. We can do so by doing our part to decrease our carbon footprint, whether by recycling, organic farming, or refusing to pollute. It is a noble thing to address the needs of the planet. But all things have to be done in moderation and we need to proceed accordingly. Environmental Destruction Essay -- Chemical War, Pollution, Recycling For thousands of years the environment stayed close to its natural state, exerting its influence on living forms. But in the past century, things have changed drastically as human beings have altered the paradigm of the environment. Now they are the masters, putting their stamp on the earth through pollution and contamination and poison. There needs to be action to monitor such destruction, but consideration of both sides of the environmental issue should be taken into account to determine what form of action should be taken. The person who almost singlehandedly brought this environmental destruction to the forefront of the public’s awareness was Rachel Carson. In a chapter of her book Silent Spring called â€Å"The Obligation to Endure† she talked about the various poisons that were afflicting Americans without their knowledge or consent (Carson 54). Many forms of contamination infiltrated waterways, air and earth. Pollution became rampant and difficult to reverse. Radiation, in the form of Strontium 90 was being unleashed. It permeated the atmosphere after governmentally approved nuclear explosions. Acid rain and fallout occurred. It got in the soil and the food supply and eventually into the bodies of human beings, staying there until death (Carson 50). In addition, pesticides were being developed at an alarming rate, and were used indiscriminately, killing both good and bad insects. When the bad insects bounced back, deadlier products were developed, causing an endless cycle in the chemical war (50-51). She asked the question, â€Å"Can anyone believe it is possible to lay down such a barrage of poisons without making it unfit for all life?† Despite the destruction wreaked, she documented that ma... ...eaving the lights on, failing to recycle, and using plastic grocery bags instead of paper. The new heresies include failure to compost, or failure to go organic† (3). None of these statements are meant to belittle the environmental cause. It is real. It is worthy of our attention. And we must take action. The first way to take action is to be aware that there is a problem with the environment and it must be monitored through both governmental regulations and individual responsibility. While there is a problem, we don’t have to go overboard, but we do need to take action ourselves. We can do so by doing our part to decrease our carbon footprint, whether by recycling, organic farming, or refusing to pollute. It is a noble thing to address the needs of the planet. But all things have to be done in moderation and we need to proceed accordingly.

Civilization: Savagery, Power, Fear :: Free Essay Writer

Civilization: Savagery, Power, Fear Civilization is when man meets his basic needs. Civilization begins to form when man is searching for something more; something better than just meeting his basic needs, for he has already achieved this. Civilization forms slowly and carefully, and once it is formed, it can change and be destroyed at any moment. Civilization is as fragile as an eggshell, and it has three basic forces that can destroy it: savagery, power, and fear. Savagery is when a people revert back to their lost human instincts. Savagery is most often found in situations where the people are under extreme circumstances. One example of this is being stranded on a deserted tropical island. In William Golding's book, Lord of the Flies, he has done just that. Golding had his characters revert back to their lost human instincts. When the boys on the island finally catch a pig and get meat, the one hunter, and main character, Jack, cannot bear to let someone else tell his savage story. He begins, "We spread round. I crept, on hands and knees. The spears fell out because they hadn't barbs on. The pig ran away and made an awful noise-It turned back and ran into the circle, bleeding-We closed in-I cut the pig's throat-" (p. 74-75). Jack has reverted back to savage, uncivilized ways; his civilization has been shattered because of being stranded. Jack even gets the rest of the boys to join in, "As they danced, they sang. `Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in.'" Savagery can destroy civilization. It only takes a small number, even a single person, to revert back, and everyone will soon follow. Another example of people being savage is in the book, The Pearl, by John Steinbeck. In this book, when a family finds an unbelievably large pearl and tries to better their own lives with it, their friends and neighbors become their enemies, they even begin to fight in their own family. Greed has caused the family and the townsfolk to revert back to being savages. One example of this is when Juana, the wife, tries to rid them of the pearl because she knows of its bad nature. Kino, her husband, catches her, "Her arm was up to throw when he leaped at her arm and wrenched the pearl from her. He struck her in the face with his clenched fist and she fell among the boulders, and

Corporal Punishment Is Physical Abuse :: essays research papers fc

Corporal Punishment Is Physical Abuse Corporal punishment is the execution of a judicially imposed sentence that inflicts a manner of physical pain upon the offenders body without killing him. In the past corporal punishment included flogging, whipping, branding and facial or bodily mutilation of all types. Corporal punishment also refers to the discipline of children at home and in schools but it was made illegal for punishing schoolchildren in 1986. Historically, corporal punishment was used in the ancient law codes of Hammurabi and Moses, in laws of Sparta and other Greek city states, in early Christian church teachings and in Anglo-Saxon common laws. It is still used in many parts of the world and remains in the criminal codes of several European communities. In the twentieth century, corporal punishment has received severe criticism. Many people believe it is a barbaric relic of a bygone age, completely opposite with present day humanitarian ethics. With a rising crime rate many are favouring the reinstitution of physical punishment for very wicked crimes. It has been shown that many adults in England want the restoration of corporal punishment for certain crimes, hoping that it will effect the reaction against an ever increasing amount of crime. The use of corporal punishment on children has also dropped sharply. In many school systems of the United States, for example, corporal punishment has been outlawed, it is also illegal in countries such as Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway. Corporal punishment for certain offences is very effective, because it's done quickly and feared by all. Not only will it teach the offender not to repeat his violent actions but it will also discourage him. It teaches the school boy or convict that doing wrong will be followed by pain and suffering. When used justly and without anger the giver is not brutalised. In many independent schools where it still occurs it is thought of as a final punishment. It accustoms the pupils to the hardships of real life and no bitterness is left after it has been used for good reasons. It is always impossible to make the punishment fit the crime, with corporal punishment the amount can be adjusted to suit the offender. It is much better than other punishments which are deadening to the mind and the body. Schools which don't find corporal punishment essential, especially for young children, substitute it with other methods which are equivalent to terrorising. Detentions are also harmful because they increase the nu mber of hours a boy is forced to spend indoors in physical inactivity. His restlessness is increased by the enforced restraint which leads to further

New Communication Structure Essay

Communication is important in every aspect of our lives. This is also true for the communication used in our professional lives. When at work we â€Å"depend on cooperation with others to accomplish our goals, and communication is the critical human process we use to promote such cooperation.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 1.1) Understanding communication is the best way to make sure it is being used effectively correctly. When communication is effective then organizational components will run smoother and efficiently. Smoother and effective communication means that an organization has a greater chance of following its mission and achieving its goals. Successful communication can be as important to organizational productivity as any other component used. There are five concepts that are important for successful communication within an organizational setting and this proposal will discuss their necessity in an organization. Culture is something that needs to be recognized and aware of whe n we are communicating with everyone. It is also important in organizational communication. Organizational culture includes the norms and attitudes of the organization. To support clear and effective communication in an organization the employees must be pay close attention the organizational culture. The process of socialization will also help an employee to adapt to an organization’s culture. The process of socialization is where, â€Å"established members of cultural groups educate others and enforce adherence to established cultural rules or norms for appropriate behavior.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 17) In understanding the norms in an organization communication will be smoother because there will be less chance for misunderstandings. An example of organizational culture would be the style of dress in the office. If an organization is one where the employees dress in suits and formal business wear then an employee who came to work in shorts and a t-shirt would affect  the culture in a negative way. Those communicating with those employees could become uncomforta ble, or distracted. This may result in avoiding communication with this employee and over all communication will breakdown. Avoidance of communication with only one employee is enough to cause a gap in efficiency. The book â€Å"Communications in Organizations† explains, â€Å"Strategic organizational communicators initiate and develop strong, effective, and satisfying relationships with others to promote cooperation and coordination in organizational life.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 15) Understanding the organizational culture also builds trust and respect among employees which in turn brings higher production. Paying attention to organizational culture helps to build the relational communication to support effective communication. Part of an organization’s culture is the forms of communication used. Informal and formal communications are two types of communication that play an important role in an organization. The difference in both forms of communication can be explained as â€Å"Formal patterns of organizational communication follow the power hierarchy within organizations, whereas informal patterns of communication do not necessarily follow along power hierarchy lines† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 1.5) Formal communication is used to address important job related material. Paying close attention when receiving or using formal communication will stop an employee from making a mistake and will also give them the information to be successful. However, when filtering through formal communications such as emails it is important to avoid information overload. Information overload takes place when, â€Å"so many different messages are impinging on a person that the person has difficulty making sense of all the information available.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 174) Scanning email for the most important and relative messages is a skill that is necessary but recognizing formal emails for their importance will ensure that the information involved will be received. In understanding the nuances of informal communication an employee can avoid getting themselves in trouble by offending a supervisor or missing important information. In regards to organizational communication conflict resolution can be the difference in success or failure when working with others to meet company goals. Conflict is inevitable, and happens when people communicate. It can come from assumptions, miscommunications, or one way communication. The good news is conflict can be turned into a positive thing. A quote in  the book, says An Introduction to Leadership, that, â€Å"The most important single ingredient in the formula of success is knowing how to get along with people.† (Weis, 2011, pg 2) Working through conflicts can build better communication skills, as well as trust and understanding. In using conflict resolution steps new and better ideas can be generated for the organizations. A gentleman named Mr. Tim Scudder wrote a book in which he describes five steps to conflict resolution. An interview he gave he made the point that in conflict â€Å"both parties want the same thing.† (Scudder, 2011) He also stressed the importance of anticipating conflict. By anticipating conflict an employee will take time to think, and in thinking they will realize that the person they may have a conflict with wants the same thing. This puts the employee in a positive frame of mind and helps to come to a reasonable solution for both involved. In the article â€Å"How to Deal with Annoying Co-Workers† gives a suggestion to help in dealing with co-workers. It suggests that, â€Å"With most types of annoying co-workers, the solution is simply to be straightforward and assertive.† (Green, 2011) Working through a conflict helps co-workers to come to a better understanding of each other. When people understand and respect each other communication is smoother and more effective. Once again, smoother and effective communication benefits the organization. Formal communication, informal communication, and conflict resolution involve two parties. Each of these communications involves a time where another party receives information. In face to face communication active listening is a technique that will ensure that messages are received correctly and will allow the listener to formulate the best response. Active Listening is not only an important part of conflict resolution but communication as a whole. Active listening means, â€Å"being fully engaged in paying attention to your relational partner’s communication with you. It is not just hearing skills. It involves paying close attention to your partner’s verbal and nonverbal behaviors.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 4.3) In other words, it’s a way of showing respect for those you are communicating with. It sounds as simple as just listening but it’s not that simple. It takes a conscious effort to begin with before it becomes habit. If you are fully engaged in what your partner is communicating then you will get all of the information being sent. It may also evoke the norm of reciprocity which will have your partner giving you  their full attention. The norm of reciprocity is, â€Å"the urge to act in-kind that often encourages these relational partners to provide you with information and treat you similarly to the way you treat them.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 15) The importance to an organization of its members practicing active listening is participants receive all the information that is coming to them. This means that they have all they would need to know to complete their jobs successfully and meet organizational goals. Organizations have both formal and informal leaders. Formal leaders typically are ‘assigned their positions of authority within the organizational hierarchy and hold titles such as president, vice president, division leader, and manager.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 19) Informal leaders are little harder to define by position or tile but â€Å"emerge with organizational life based on credibility (usually a combination of charisma, dynamism, expertise, and trustworthiness), ability to accomplish complex tasks, and access to relevant information.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 19) Even if you are not a formal leader you can still have influence over others as an informal leader. Informal leaders are not defined by title but by quality of character. Understanding leadership strategies and what being a leader entails helps to motivate workers to meet organizational goals. It is important for organizational leaders be able to communicate in different ways for different situations. There are several different leadership strategies that can be employed for different situations. To understand leadership strategies it’s important to think about how leaders may see those under them. Douglas McGregor used X and Y models of leadership to explain the relationship between leaders and followers. Theory X makes the assumption about workers they do not like work and will do anything to avoid it. This model will make leaders be more directed because they think that is what workers prefer and need. McGregor’s Theory Y assumes that workers do not dislike work and will work hard if they feel the value of their effort. The Theory Y suggests that if workers are given a degree of autonomy and a chance to use their imaginations they will strive to be successful in their tasks. Depending on how leaders see workers can dictate their leadership strategies. One of three helpful leadership styles is the autocratic leadership style. This is a leadership style that would come from a leader who is a believer in Theory X. An autocratic leader â€Å"makes most  organizational decisions without consulting with others. The leader calls all the shots, tells workers what to do and how to do it.† (Kreps, 2011; sec 7.6) This type of leadership style would have little use for upward communication from those who follow. Upward communication is, â€Å"communication that travels up the power hierarchy.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 10) This would be difficult for a leader who believes in Theory X because, â€Å"upward communication enables workers to express their concerns and ideas, to provide and ask for feedback, and seek clarification from managers.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 10) The autocratic leadership style is best suited not for driving workers but in emergency situation where there is little time for collaboration. Organizational participants would appreciate a direct approach in times of pressure. On the opposing side of autocratic leadership is democratic leadership style. When using the democratic leadership style you, â€Å"share responsibility and involve other organizational participants in decision making, although the process for the final decision may vary from the leader having the final say to them facilitating consensus in the group.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 7.6) This type of leadership style is something that followers respond positively to. It also bolsters the leader’s position because the workers feel a â€Å"buy in† to the process. This is something that Theory Y talks about. The ability of helping the workers feel that their efforts and work are valued, and helping them to see the value. The drawback to this type of style is that it is time consuming, and can lead to conflict if not used correctly and in the right situation. Lastly, there is the laissez-faire leadership style. The laissez-faire leadership style would have the leader, â€Å"share power with workers and delegate decision-making authority to those individuals who are directly involved in the decision-making situations.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 7.6) This leadership style could be considered an extension of the democratic leadership style. In using this style it is important for a leader to know the capabilities of those under them. The employees under this leader must be experienced and skilled in the tasks that they are being given a degree of control over. This type of leadership style will help a leader delegate those things they have little time for. Delegation is an important skill. In the article â€Å"A Tool Kit for the Real World† it says that, â€Å"Business people don’t get accolades for being smart, but for being effective. That is measured in  things like increased sales, increased earnings and an increased number of licensing agreements. Not, alas, by the fruition of one employee’s great idea.† (Motluk, 2011) However, this should not be used as a way of having others do their work for them. This would be damaging to the leader and certainly the organization in that it can bring a degree of disorganization that would be extremely difficult to correct. The leadership strategies above are mentioned because they show the need for a leader to be able to decipher the right strategy for the right situation. Each has one distinctive way to deal with leading and each has its drawbacks when used outside of its best application. Therefore the situational model of leadership may be the best strategy when it comes to leadership. The situational model of leadership is, â€Å"based on the assumption that there is no right way of leading. Rather, the best leaders adapt to the unique situational constraints to exhibit the appropriate leadership style for the situation.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 7.6) A leader must be able to analyze situations, those involved, the choices, and the preferred outcome. If it’s an emergency and little time involved then use the autocratic leadership style. When time is available to employ upward communication, and bolster workers self esteem and organizational value a leader should employ democratic leadership style. If a leader is feeling overwhelmed or they are feeling pulled in too many directions, perhaps a laissez-faire leadership style might help to delegate tasks to that can handle them. Understanding leadership strategies helps to use communications with workers that will work best in certain situations. The most important thing about communication in the work place is awareness. As the book â€Å"Communications in Organizations† points out, â€Å"Organizations and the way they communicate play critical roles in our lives.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 25) The key to effective communication is awareness. All of the five concepts of organizational communication mentioned above have some type of awareness piece built in. Communication is smoothest when those communicating are aware of those they are communicating with, their culture, and their style of communication. Thinking before speaking, anticipating change and conflict, and knowing what actions to take will help a leader communicate effectively with workers. After presenting the five concepts for successful communication within an organizational setting above it is clear to see their necessity for  successful communication. References Kreps, G. (2011). Communications in Organizations. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Green, A. (2011, January 6). How to Deal With Annoying Co-Workers. Retrieved from http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/outside-voices-careers/2011/06/06/how-to-deal-with-annoying-co-workers Motluk, A.(2011) A Tool Kit for the Real World. Retrieved from http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19969-a-tool-kit-for-the-real-world.html?full=true (2011). Tim Scudder Interview. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_E7YVkjJQ0 Weiss, J. (2011). An Introduction to Leadership. San Diego, Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Lemon Lovin’ Life Essay

Introduction The company, Lemon Lovin’ Life, is a lemonade stand that is in the beverage business. Being that it is a popular drink and the low cost of starting a lemonade business, there is competition making it quite competitive in the market. This report outlines the company’s branding strategy, identification of possible new locations, promotional plans, and employee training opportunities. Branding Strategy To create a branding strategy for Lemon Lovin’ Life it will also consists of the marketing mix, namely, product, place, and promotion. Lemon Lovin’ Life has a reasonable size and will be priced competitively. It will be known for its healthy, natural, delicious, and well-known taste. A focus of the drink is to get it to be appreciated not only during the summer months, but rather, the whole year round. Highlighting its health benefits with increase consumer’s interest into the product. If this investment is success, Lemon Lovin’ Life could expand by adding a twist to the lemonade drinks. For instance, a lemonade drink can have a combination of lemon and strawberry, lemon and pineapple but always focusing on lemon as the main flavor. Ideally the lemonade stand will be placed in front of the owner’s house perhaps near a tree for shade. Attracting more consumers, being that they won’t have to stand under the blazing sun. For marketing purposes, flyers and posters will be distributed in various strategic places in the neighborhood along with calling friends and family. Creating a page on Facebook, a Twitter account, and Instagram, among others, will also heavily use social media sites. Opportunities for New Locations Lemon Lovin’ Life’s goal is to reach as many customers as possible in order to address the changing lifestyle choices that mainly aim to have healthy living. The new locations must consider that the target market has access to the lemonade whenever they’d like. This strategy will already tap a number of customers ranging from children, mothers buying for their families, health buffs, and young people who can already make their own purchases (Bovee & Thill, 2013, p. 346). Promotion Plans Usually local residents support new business ventures and Lemon Lovin’ Life has $10,000 to spend for advertising. Considering the product theme various marketing vehicles will be utilized to communicate the message, image, and presence of the business. Bovee & Thill (2013) asserted that there are different ways to promote products, including the use of print media (magazines, local newspapers and student publications) (p. 382), broadcast media (local TV shows, radio programs), hotel guides (Chamber of Commerce newsletters, brochures, flyers), direct mail (subscriber lists, inserts in newspapers, office mail delivery) (p. 374), social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) (p. 382), and others (attendance in charity events, sponsorships, press conferences) (p. 382). Employee Training In hope that the company shall grow, it will be necessary to hire more people in order to help run the lemonade stand. It is also important for the company to invest in training the staff to continue to offer quality lemonade. To do this, the company should always check whether employees are engaged, satisfied, committed, and rooted (Bovee & Thill, 2013, p. 220). Providing employees with job security through a strong salary is the first step. Secondly, provide employees with health insurance and retirement plans that can be extended to their families. Finally, the company must ensure that employees have a clear career path, especially for those who have leadership qualities to allow them to have the feeling that what they are doing is â€Å"worthwhile and satisfying in itself† (Bovee & Thill, 2013, p. 223). When these needs are met, employees are will actually view the job in a different manner. Their attitude toward working there will be a positive one. Conclusion Starting a company is not only about having the money and hiring employees. There are other aspects that should be considered, including the viability of the product, the target market, demographical considerations, the location, and marketing the product. References Bovee, C. L., & Thill, J. V. (2013). Business in action. (6th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Does Music Really Create Better Students Education Essay

In 1981 Bob Marley died of malignant melanoma, a unsafe malignant neoplastic disease found in the toe. â€Å" He was a large musical figure to the universe: his music spoke to an exhausted and oppressed coevals that had experienced incredible poorness, racism, hungriness, and force † ( HistoryWorld 2 ) .A Bob Marley ‘s lazy, loosen uping reggae music connected non merely with his Jamaican chaps, but besides to the young person in the United States and Western Europe so efficaciously that he was looked upon as one of the most influential political figures in the western world.A Bob Marley, a hapless Jamaican Rastafarian of 30 old ages, was lifted to a place of unofficial but immensely important political power by nil more than his religious, socially cognizant music.A Bob Marley is one of many instrumentalists that have proved that music can hold a profound consequence on many facets of humanity. Music is the most common linguistic communication in the western world.A Books must be translated, addresss interpreted, symbols and hand-gestures explained.A Music, on the other manus, is different.A American, Chinese, Russian, Italian, and German instrumentalists all â€Å" read † and â€Å" hear † the same music, â€Å" enchantment † chords the same manner, and know the same musical â€Å" alphabet. â€Å" A The alone uniformity of music makes it the lone linguistic communication that can be understood at face value by, rather literally, everyone who hears it.A While music is heard, on the most basic degree, uniformly by every hearer, it is wholly unfastened to reading. A It is about certain that each and every hearer who hears the exact same composing, in the exact manner, at the exact same clip, will construe it in a wholly original way.A A A A A A A The uniformity of linguistic communication and originality of reading that music provides causes it to unite both the logical â€Å" left-brain † and the originative â€Å" right-brain † in ways which no other medium renders possible.A For illustration, Miles Davis ‘s legendary free wind album Bitches Brew was captured in one recording and is wholly improvisational with perfectly zero anterior planning.A The antonym, nevertheless, can be seen in the preciseness and technically pristine playing of the great classical fiddle ace, Itzhak Perlman.A Both Davis and Perlman are playing nil but the standard 12 notes found in the musical alphabet.A Both exhausted countless hours for the huge bulk of their lives practising their trade, honing their accomplishments, analyzing the elaboratenesss of music theory, and the natural philosophies of their peculiar instruments.A The consequences of all of this pain-staking research and pattern, when interpreted and utilized by two d ifferent heads, are entire opposites.A On the one manus, the consequence is musical flawlessness – on the other, its opposite.A Both are superb, both are rooted in a really scientific and precise survey of music, both are wholly originally and are really different from one another.A This unusual combination of logic and creativeness becomes increasing apparent when music is utilized in the acquisition procedure and makes music critical portion of a kid ‘s instruction due to its consequence on concluding abilities and possible as a larning tool in many scenes. â€Å" Music is a powerful tool and as seen can dramatically better and enrich everybody. It makes sense to force music instruction and to let immature coevalss to derive these fantastic benefits – higher intelligence through increased originative thought, job resolution and physically stronger encephalons, a higher perceptual experience of life including better attitudes, strong desires to accomplish and carry through and higher ego esteem, better developed subject, survey accomplishments, concentration, communicating and squad accomplishments which transfer from instruction through to career and a better apprehension of communities and society † ( Guth 1 ) . A Music holds tremendous potency for helping in the educational process.A At the root of music ‘s possible as an educational tool is the alone manner that affects the human brain.A In recent old ages, scientists have made amazing finds demoing that music has a significant consequence on a hearer ‘s concluding abilities.A Scientists have been analyzing the effects of music on persons ‘ concluding abilities since the Gallic scientist Dr. Albert Tomatis began analyzing the effects of music composed by Amadeus Mozart on autistic kids in the late 1950's.A Children were trained to prove out how music effects their public presentations. At the terminal of preparation, all the kids were able to execute simple tunes by Beethoven and Mozart. When they did â€Å" they were so subjected to spatial-temporal logical thinking trials calibrated for age, and their public presentation was more than 30 % better than that of kids of similar age given either computing machine lessons f or 6 months or no particular preparation. † ( Bridgett 3 ) Since so legion scientist at the helm of legion surveies have concluded non merely that music has a positive consequence on the encephalon ‘s capacity to believe critically, but that music can arouse drastic alterations in temper and heed. A survey published in May of 2001 by Atkinson College ‘s Psychology Department examined the cogency of the Mozart Effect.A The research workers tested the effects of listening to a bright, up-tempo piece of music on spacial logical thinking and compared them to the effects of listening to a slow, sad piece of music.A They measured non merely the participants ‘ ability to ground following hearing to the piece but besides the consequence that the piece had on their mood.A They found that those who listened to the sad music experienced feelings of ennui or unhappiness and performed significantly worse on the concluding trial. The survey concluded that music ‘s consequence on concluding and test-taking abilities is really a bypr oduct of the effects music has on mood.A They concluded that the Mozart Effect resulted in â€Å" an sweetening of spatial-temporal logical thinking public presentation after listening to Mozart ‘s music for 10 proceedingss depends on the person and the particular undertakings chosen. † ( Bridgett 6 ) Then In 2008 the Osaka School of Medicine conducted a survey that expanded on this concept.A The 2008 survey examined topics ‘ encephalons as they listened to music.A This survey focused on the key of the music and its consequence on the brain.A The survey found that music composed in a major manner ( which tends to sound â€Å" happier † ) reduces emphasis degrees and can greatly cut down mental weariness which can halter the encephalon ‘s ability to treat information and do decisions.A Music composed in a minor manner ( which tends to sound â€Å" sad † ) besides had a positive consequence on the encephalon but non to the same extent.A A While the music does impact the human encephalon unusually and positively, the possible benefits music can convey to pupils are non limited to its mensurable impact on the brain.A Music is besides an effectual tool for larning a assortment of accomplishments that are good to pupils ‘ mundane lives in the long term, including logical thinking and analytical abilities, teamwork, and discipline.A One accomplishment that music helps to learn that is really closely related to its antecedently mentioned effects on encephalon chemical science is by conditioning pupils to look at and analyze state of affairss creatively.A Music presents an remarkably synergistic and entertaining manner of learning pupils to believe critically and to work out jobs that are frequently abstract and subjective in nature.A â€Å" The substance of drama in really immature kids is normally comprised of the environmental objects and experiences to which they have been exposed. If the music environment is sufficiently rich, there will be a uninterrupted and of all time richer spiral of exposure to new musical elements followed by the kid ‘s playful experimentation with these elements. † ( Suda 6 ) Music instantly teaches pupils to do abstract associations between what their fingers do and what they hear come out of their instrument.A Students can instantly get down, merely by larning a simple tune that they hear on a regular footing ( Happy Birthday, Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, etc. ) , larning to organize and do these associations.A Once pupils learn to read music an wholly new kingdom of possibility is opened.A Students so get down doing associations between what they read on the piece of music, what note they are to play ( A, C # , D, Bb, etc. ) what their fingers should make to properly p lay the note ( on many instruments this may affect a determination between to feasible methods of playing the same note ) , and what the note will sound like in context.A When reading music, nevertheless, this melodious reading is accompanied by an every bit of import rhythmic reading.A A A A A A A Rhythm is highly of import to any piece of music and is an effectual tool for learning fractions and division.A Being able to split is critical to being able to read rhythms.A The basic rhythmic pulsation of a piece of music is called the beat.A You may detect a performing artist ‘s pes tapping as he plays.A Performers frequently tap their pes on each round or every other beat.A The velocity with which the beats pass is called the pacing. Throughout a work, the music will be notated with a series of specific types of notes.A Among these are whole notes, half notes, one-fourth notes, and 8th notes.A In 4/4 or â€Å" common clip, † if a note is marked with a whole note the note will be held for four beats.A If marked with a half note it will be held for half of four beats.A In order to decently read a beat a pupil must larn how to divide.A Harmonizing to a recent survey on a school, â€Å" 76 per centum of kids enrolled in the music plan performed above norm on their math ematical scrutinies † ( Edarticle.com 2 ) . This clearly makes rhythm an effectual tool for larning peculiar mathematical accomplishments. More of import than the specific accomplishments that reading music and rhythm aid to learn is the fact that public presentation of a piece of written music requires insistent and changeless exercise of these skills.A A While reading a piece of music a individual must travel through all the associations necessary to play a note that they see written and at the same time analyze the peculiar rhythmic marker and keep the note for the proper duration.A Before the note has been sounding for its full continuance, the performing artist or pupil must already be treating the following note and finding its proper rhythmic value.A A piece of music every bit simple as â€Å" Jingle Bells † will necessitate a pupil to do this association over one hundred times.A Scientists have discovered that larning to read music or play a musical instrument develops higher believing skills.A † The kid who is skilled at music excels at problem-solving, rating, and analysis.A Music reading uses the same part of the encephalon that ‘s used in mathematical thought † ( Schellenberg 4 ) .A That ‘s why so many adept instrumentalists are besides rather good in math.A Music requires changeless mental exercising that can fix the head with the ability to do split-second analyses in any state of affairs. A A A Not merely does music promote a pupil to work independently, it besides encourages pupils to join forces with others and work as portion of a team.A For most kids, athleticss squads are the lone chance to larn how to work as portion of a team.A Sports, nevertheless, are highly limited in their ability to provide different ability levels.A Sports tend to offer squads for really specific age degrees and, at each interval, there is a really limited scope of accomplishment levels.A This often consequences in the exclusion of kids who, due to their physical properties or skill degree, can non maintain gait with the rate at which other kids their age learn.A Sports, by nature, are besides highly competitive.A This competition consequences in competition non merely between squads, but between team-mates and consequences in the exclusion of kids who can non efficaciously assist their squad win.A â€Å" Music allows people of all ages and accomplishment degrees to take part and join fo rces † ( Guth 1 ) . Unlike athleticss, which is limited to athletic peoples, music is something that ensures people that no affair what their ability degree or when they began to larn about music, can bask the educational benefits that music offers.A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Music may besides be used to profit pupils in the survey of History.A It is important for a pupil to hold a thorough apprehension of the societal and cultural context of a historical event if he or she is to understand it completely.A For this ground CollegeBoard has stated that the surveies of â€Å" cultural, economic, political, and societal developments and artistic look and rational discourse are the main aims of their Advanced Placement European classs † ( Collegeboard.com 1 ) .A Music is a microcosm of the society that produces it, and is, hence, reveals much about the thoughts and doctrines of a clip period.A The late seventeenth century and the mid eighteenth century were know as the â€Å" Age of Enlightenment † a clip of progressive idea and philosophy.A This is apparent in the music of the time.A Around the bend of that century came the morning of the Classical Period.A This was a clip of complex, yet subdued music.A Composers like Wolf gang Mozart and Franz Shubert composed spectacularly complex and intellectually stimulating music that reflected the meditative, subdued philosophical nature of much of European society. In short, music is intended to be a vehicle for self-expression and in a universe where so much history is left off the functionary record, music is the lone penetration we have into the elaboratenesss of society that would otherwise be lost forever.A Exposure to the music of different civilizations and even different categories or societies within a peculiar civilization shows us how the universe looked through the eyes of those who were at that place and helps us to understand the societal context of the events that we study in history category. A A A A A A A A A A A Music is besides utile in the survey of English, much in the same manner that it ‘s utile in the survey of History.A Literature and music, over the class of history, both evolve as parts of larger artistic movements.A Romanticism, Impressionism, Realism, and other artistic motions all have distinguishable features that are seeable through the scrutiny of all artistic media.A For case, Romantic authors wrote about the extremes of human emotion.A Edgar Allen Poe wrote of horror and enigma and many other authors wrote of freedom, joy, hatred, fright, and the full spectrum of human emotion.A â€Å" Music of the Romantic period explored the same full scope through the usage of complex, modulating harmoniousness and wild swings in pacing and dynamic † ( HistoryWorld 8 ) A Through the observation of music of assorted clip periods and civilizations, much can be learned about the larger artistic motions of which plants of literature were a portion. Music ‘s possible educational benefits are countless, but doing these benefits accessible to kids can show rather a challenge.A There are, nevertheless, several ways that music can be made more readily available to students.A The first and most straightforward manner to advance music instruction is to do instruments more available to pupils outside of the classroom.A Music instruction is often available through private teachers but, due to fiscal or other restraints, is frequently non a feasible option.A In the past 50 old ages, direction in the humanistic disciplines have alternately ascended and descended in their popularity, verve, and support, particularly in the K-12 classs. â€Å" Music has taken some of the biggest and more frequent cuts among the humanistic disciplines due, in great portion, to the high costs of sheet music and instrument purchase and fix. Other humanistic disciplines direction such as ocular humanistic disciplines, dance, and choir have suffered great ly from clip to clip, but music seems to hold taken the greatest hit † ( Guth 2 ) . Many of these establishments, are sustained by authorities money or the contributions of private citizens.A This greatly limits the support that is available for new extracurricular activities or the enlargement of those that are in topographic point already. A A A A A A A A A A A A Integrating music into the current instruction system would let for the sweetening of the nucleus capable affair upon which simple, in-between, and high school instruction is based.A While music ‘s utilizations as a instruction aide do it highly utile, incorporating musical analysis into the nucleus course of study would let pupils to enrich their instructions and would besides expose them to a linguistic communication that is genuinely cosmopolitan and is proven to heighten their heads ability to analyse and reason.A The usage of music in the instruction in some signifier or another will expose pupils to a sophisticated cosmopolitan art-form that is both aesthetically and practically valuable.